chapter one; first chapter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
low-lying part of a city (usu. containing shops, factories, etc.); Shitamachi (low-lying area of eastern Tokyo near Tokyo Bay, incl. Asakusa, Shitaya, Kanda, Fukugawa, Honjo, Nihonbashi, Kyobashi and surrounds)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cheap-looking; tawdry; insignificant
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
to become thin; to lose weight; to reduce (one's) weight; to be barren; to be infertile; to be sterile
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
reflection; reverberation; reflex; reflexes
with a momentary flash of light
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to grow long (e.g. hair, nails); to lengthen; to extend; to reach out; to hold out; to straighten; to smooth out
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to dress (oneself in); to attire oneself in; to adorn; to pretend; to feign; to affect
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
body; physical system; (the) person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
soft; tender; limp; subdued (colour or light) (color); gentle; meek
woman; female; feminine gender
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become