indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(distant) howling; backbiting
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
dark night; moonless night
sign of life; human presence; humanity; humaneness
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
suburb; residential area on the outskirt of a city; commuter belt
dilapidated house; deserted house
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
two persons; two people; pair; couple
figure of a person; figures of people; shadow of a person
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tall figure; high stature
luxurious; magnificent; extravagant; sumptuous
overcoat; greatcoat; cloak; wrap; mantle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put on (coat, gown, etc.)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
another (person); the other person; one more (person)
dainty; delicate; slender; fragile (e.g. furniture); delicate; frail
body; physique; build; stature
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
silver hair; gray hair; grey hair
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
your Highness; his Highness; her Highness
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(your) words; what you say; what you have said; a few words (of welcome, advice, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in so doing; when you do so; in this regard; on this occasion; some time during that period
cooperation; collaboration
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
in that way; thus; so; so?
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
(a) little; (a) few; slight; only; just; merely
forbidding look; uncanny look
to float; to set afloat; to show on one's face (smile, sadness, etc.); to recall; to call to mind
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
acknowledgement; acknowledgment; understanding (e.g. "please be understanding of the mess during our renovation"); noting; acceptance
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that