groan; moan; roar; growl; buzz; hum (e.g. motor)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
rumbling; (ringing) cadence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to break (into pieces); to be broken; to collapse; to crumble; to become less formal; to throw off reserve
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
wartime fire; war; wartime destruction; horrors of war
remains; dregs; vestiges; remnant; residue
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rise up (e.g. pillar of smoke); to go up
there; that situation; that occasion; the spot (i.e. "on the spot"); immediately; then and there
standing facing each other (e.g. mountains, buildings); standing opposite each other; confrontation; squaring off against (adversaries, armies, forces); standing off against
camp (supporters of a doctrine, party, etc.); faction (of a party); military camp; encampment; cantonment
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
inheritance; bequest; legacy; heritage
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
sacred precincts; sanctuary; consecrated ground; issue that is regarded as being off-limits; matter that is not up for discussion
acquisition; obtaining; coming to hand
right (to do something); authority; power
to compete; to contest; to quarrel; to argue; to deny (e.g. evidence)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
soldier; combatant; warrior
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; the present time; just now; another; more
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
war potential; military strength; fighting power; ability (to compete); capabilities; valuable asset
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash