indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
kendo; Japanese martial art using bamboo swords
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
bamboo sword (for kendo); bamboo fencing stick
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
overall victory; championship
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
myself; yourself; I; me; you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
village; hamlet; countryside; country; home (of one's parents, etc.); hometown
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
while; during; while; although; all; both
educational institution; school; academy; campus
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
match; game; bout; contest
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to