stairs; stairway; staircase
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
door; gate; opening; title page
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
to turn on; to switch on; to light up
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to rise to the surface; to come to the front; to emerge (e.g. from obscurity); to stand out (e.g. against a dark background)
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
had better ...; had better not ...
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
while; even though; despite
woman; female; feminine gender
chair; stool; post; office; position
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
crowded; packed; crammed; cramped; filled; overflowing
historical document; archives; old manuscript; pre-Meiji era document addressed to someone in particular
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to spread; to extend; to unfold; to open; to scatter about; to spread around
handwriting; handwritten; hand-painted; hand-drawn
dispersion; scattering; spreading out; diffusion
master; teacher; stable master
study; library; den; home office; reading room
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
study; research; investigation
to work hard at; to devote oneself to; to be diligent in
structure; construction; arrangement; plan; plot; contrivance
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every