indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.); low (position); close to the ground; short (height); deep (voice); in a low key
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
domination; rule; direction; management; control (e.g. over one's emotions); determining (e.g. one's fate)
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
middle; halfway; half (of); one half; half (e.g. done, jokingly); partly
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sky; the skies; high-altitude sky; upper air
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
tightly (holding on); firmly; strongly (built); solidly; properly; well
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to remain; to stay (somewhere)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
oak (esp. Quercus serrata)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
district; section; sector
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
rainy season (in Japan usu. from early June to mid-July); rain during the rainy season
to feel; to sense; to experience
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
to shine; to be visible; to be tinged with; to rise (of water levels); to flow in; to be felt (i.e. as an emotion); to come over one
commuting to school; school commute
pupil; student; schoolchild
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for