indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scene; spectacle; sight; view
pout; displeasure; ill humor; ill humour; sullenness
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
to stare (at); to gaze (at); to look hard (at); to watch intently; to fix one's eyes (on)
as usual; as is one's habit
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
street; road; traffic; coming and going; flow (of water, air, etc.); passage; transmission (of sound)
face; honour; meld; lineup (of players participating in a mahjong game); attendees (e.g. at a meeting); members
to lead a life; to live a life
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yoke; constraints; oppression
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to pull out; to take out; to lead out (e.g. a horse from a stable); to summon (e.g. to court); to withdraw (money); to draw
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant