indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scene; spectacle; sight; view
pout; displeasure; ill humor; ill humour; sullenness
appearing that; seeming that; looking like; having the appearance of
to stare at; to gaze at; to look hard at; to watch intently; to fix one's eyes on
as usual; as is one's habit
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
face; honour; meld; lineup (of players participating in a mahjong game); attendees (e.g. at a meeting); members
to lead (a) life (usu. preceded by the type of life)
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yoke; constraints; oppression
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
to pull out; to take out; to lead out (e.g. a horse from a stable); to summon (e.g. to court); to withdraw (money); to draw
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant