indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
information; news; report; reward; retribution
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in the twinkling of an eye; in a flash
surrounding countries; neighboring countries; neighbouring countries
to fall (e.g. blossoms, leaves); to scatter; to be dispersed; to disappear; to dissolve; to spread
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
neighbouring country; neighboring country; adjacent country
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
rigour; rigor; closeness; compactness; tightly knit
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
relief; reassurance; recognition of right to land ownership (by the shogunate, a feudal lord, etc.); (arch.) living safely surrounded by walls
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
halving; dividing (into two parts); bisection; the two equinoxes (vernal and autumnal)
mountainous region; mountainous district; hilly district
to hold between (e.g. one's fingers, chopsticks); to grip (from both sides); to put between; to sandwich between; to catch (e.g. a finger in a door); to trap; to insert (e.g. a break into proceedings)
to adjoin each other; to sit side by side
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
(establish) friendly (cordial) relations (with, between); (form) friendship (e.g. with a nation)
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
it is not (like that) either
however; having said that; but
dangerous; perilous; threatening; stern (expression); hostile (attitude); sharp
diplomacy; selling (e.g. door-to-door); canvassing
following (e.g. someone's opinion); being servile to; adherence; compliance; emulation; mimicking
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
faithful; devoted; loyal; honest; true
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to take an aggressive position; to stir up trouble
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)