indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
arm; skill; efforts; ability
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
chest; breast; breasts; bosom; heart; lungs; stomach
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o