indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
mum; mom; mummy; the missus
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides); raccoon dog; sly dog; sly old fox; sly fox
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
fox (esp. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes); fox (i.e. a sly person); soba or udon topped with deep-fried tofu; light brown; golden brown
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
snake; serpent; large snake
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
while; during; while; although; all; both
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
trees with entwined branches; intimate male and female relationship
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during