indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
body; body blow (in boxing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to mince; to cut fine; to carve; to engrave; to tick away (time); to beat out (e.g. rhythm); to etch (into one's mind)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ago; since; before; previous
to touch; to feel; to get involved (with); to approach; to be harmful to; to hinder
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
of course; certainly; naturally
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
exposure; laying bare; baring (e.g. skin); (photographic) exposure
inside; interior; inner part
to carve; to engrave; to sculpt; to tattoo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
live (esp. concert, show, etc.); live performance; alive
summer vacation; summer holiday
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
one day; (on) a certain day
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work