sign of life; human presence; humanity; humaneness
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
time; (the) hour; favourable time; opportunity; chance
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in regard to; concerning (usu. of disputes)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
very; greatly; much; just about to; almost; very nearly
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think of; to hit upon; to come into one's mind; to remember; to recall
limit; limits; degree; extent; the end; the last; as long as ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to hit; to beat; to shout at; to yell at
certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
while; during; while; although; all; both
examination of tickets; ticket gate; ticket barrier
to go under; to pass under; to dive (into or under the water); to evade; to get around; to survive
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(train) station attendant; station employee; station staff
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
time; hour; period; class
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays