indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
author (usu. of a particular book); writer
suffix for familiar person
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
just; right; pure; genuine; truth
declining; refusal; rejection; announcement; notice
work (e.g. book, film, painting, composition); piece; production; opus
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
change to ...; becoming ...; making into ...; -ization; -ification
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to arrive; to come to pass
way; method; means; (technical) specification
from the standpoint of; from the viewpoint of; on; above; the best; top
circumstances; condition; arranging; managing; lending money; raising money
by means of; due to; because of; according to
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (of a book); (one) complete set (of books)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
abbreviated form of a Chinese character; simplified character; acronym; abbreviation
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
ruby; ruby character; small hiragana or katakana readings of kanji usually above or to the side of the kanji (esp. used by printers and in ref. to printed material)
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
expression in writing; written representation; notation; writing on the surface (e.g. an address on an envelope); inscribing on the face
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
case; occasion; situation; circumstances
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
discriminatory; discriminative
expression; representation; description; representation (of a group)
to receive; to get; to accept; to take (someone's words or behaviour); to interpret; to understand
quite capable of ...; not unlikely to ...; may well ...; might ...; could ...; would not hesitate to ...
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
at that time; in those days
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
consideration; taking into account
street; road; traffic; coming and going; flow (of water, air, etc.); passage; transmission (of sound)
posting (e.g. a notice); displaying; putting up