Keichō era (1596.10.27-1615.7.13)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to blame; to find fault with
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to repeat; to be frequent
bombarding; shelling; bombardment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Toyotomi Hideyori (1593.8.29-1615.6.4)
reconciliation (between warring nations); (making of) peace
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
plan; scheme; plot; design; project; intention
shot; charge; blow; punch; home run; try
sound of a gun; roar of cannon
by means of; due to; because of; according to
brittle; fragile; weak; tender-hearted; sentimental; easily moved
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to crumble away; to collapse
instruction (in martial arts, performance, etc.); teaching; coaching
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
to cause someone's death; to cause someone to die; to kill
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cruel; merciless; atrocious; pitiful; tragic; horrible