prefix for forming ordinal numbers
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
collaborator; cooperator; coworker; ally
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
town; city; municipal; urban
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
transport; transportation
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fierce battle; hard-fought battle; hot contest; severe fight
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to surmount; to overcome; to surpass; to overtake
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
street; quarter; district; area
historic ruins (remains, relics); archeological site
inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
encounter; being confronted with (e.g. difficulty); meeting with (e.g. accident)
cooperation; collaboration
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
barely; narrowly; only just; with difficulty
(nearly certain) death; extremely dangerous place (or situation) from which one might not return alive; proper place to die; dilemma; predicament
to escape from; to get out
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
strife; riot; (media) uproar; brouhaha; feud; tussle
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
advocate (of a theory or principle); ideologist; -ist (i.e. adherent to a belief system); (arch.) socialist; (arch.) communist
to give one's name (as); to introduce oneself (as); to claim to be; to call oneself; to reveal oneself (as); to admit to being
impostor; imposter; pretender; liar
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)