guide; tour guide; conductor; guidebook
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
condominium (usu. mid or high-rise); apartment building; apartment house; block of flats; apartment; flat
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
when it becomes; when it comes to
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
from out of nowhere; from who knows where
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
honorific/polite/humble prefix
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to lie down; to throw oneself down
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
while; during; while; although; all; both
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for