indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
newly compiled; newly edited; newly elected; newly returned
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
town; city; municipal; urban
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
rock; boulder; crag; cliff; anchor
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise