time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nth year in the Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under control (e.g. of territory)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
Edo Castle (residence of the Shogun during the Edo period, now the site of the Tokyo Imperial Palace)
inner citadel; core; center; centre
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
usual; normal; everyday; usually; normally; generally
treasure; treasured item; prized possession
possession; ownership; Tibet; Tibetan people
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
underground; below the ground; world of the dead; the grave; underground (activities, movement, etc.); secret
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
western citadel; west wing of the Edo castle (where the heir apparent or retired shogun would live)
audience (with a superior, e.g. nobility)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be a match for; to rival; to equal; to compare with; to be equivalent to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more