indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to rise (of a building, mountain, etc.); to tower; to soar
person of paramount authority; supreme wielder of power
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wherein; therein; thereinto
to gather; to collect; to assemble
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rule; to govern; to administer
war; battle; match; game; competition
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
negotiations; discussions; connection
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
vassal state; vassal nation; dependency
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
treatment (of a person); dealing with
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to coil around; to follow about; to be related to; to concern; to be associated with
various matters; everything
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
people; citizens; subjects; folk
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
huge; vast; enormous; swelling; expansion
document; official papers
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)