indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to spell; to write; to compose; to bind (e.g. documents); to patch
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
really; truly; indeed; good grief
meaning; significance; sense
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to cross the ocean (i.e. to go to or come from overseas)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
time; hour; period; class
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
after that; afterwards; thereafter
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding