one side; one party; counterpart; one of a pair; fellow; mate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wash; to cleanse; to inquire into; to investigate; to purify (one's heart); to lave (e.g. shore)
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
letter (of alphabet); character; writing
felt-tip pen; marker pen; felt pen
by means of; due to; because of; according to
handwriting; handwritten; hand-painted; hand-drawn
clean; hygienic; sanitary; pure; virtuous; immaculate
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to engrave an inscription; to call (designate) itself; to mark; to label
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
woman; female; feminine gender
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
surroundings; environs; circumference
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
distortion (often used for caricature in manga, etc.); deformation
germ; germs; bacteria; something harmful; vermin
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
while; even though; despite
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
ornamental writing (esp. initial letters); decorative lettering; fancy script
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others