indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
head of the student council; president of the student council
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
head of year; teacher in charge of all classes for a whole year
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
therefore; consequently; accordingly; for that reason
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
it's OK to ...; it's best to ...; it's alright to ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
layer; stratum; class; stratum; sheaf; counter for stories (of a building)
centripetal force; unifying force; cohesive power
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to cock one's head in puzzlement; to tilt one's head in contemplation; to wrack one's brain; to think hard
to groan; to moan; to roar; to howl; to hum (engine, wind, etc.); to buzz; to ooh and aah (in admiration)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
query; interrogation; enquiry; question; inquiry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
natural; understandable; reasonable; no wonder
student preparing for or taking examinations (usu. entrance exams); test-taker
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing