at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
precious; valuable; priceless; noble; exalted; sacred
to stick (to); to cling (to); to stay (e.g. in the office)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
gliding; sliding; skating (on ice); taxiing (aircraft); making a takeoff run
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
it is not possible (to, that); there is no such thing as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
every year; yearly; annually
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
row; line; company (of someone); group; sequence; counter for rows
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
height (e.g. of summer); peak (e.g. of cherry blossom season); prime (of one's life); (one's) best days; (being in) heat; rut
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Irokawa Takehiro (1929.3.28-1989.4.10)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
related (by blood); blood-related; of the same blood
older sister; elder sister
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
older brother; elder brother
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
family structure; family composition; family makeup