burr (e.g. on a machined edge)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
anecdote; brief (comic) story
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
honorific/polite/humble prefix
title; subject; problem (on a test); question; counter for questions (on a test)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
talking about one's love interests; girls' talk; gossiping
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to abbreviate; to omit; to take; to capture
sociolect spoken in the Tokyo area by gyaru
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
to be understood by each other (of thoughts, feelings, etc.); to be comprehended; to exchange with each other (thoughts, feelings, etc.); to express to each other (e.g. intentions); to communicate with each other
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
fresh; refreshing; invigorating; clear (e.g. voice); fluent; eloquent