indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
class of demons; demonic race; family of demons
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be disconnected; to get out of place; to miss the mark; to get it wrong (e.g. guess, expectation); to be removed; to be excluded
dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
riding fast; driving a horse fast
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to run through; to run past
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to clamour; to crowd; to jostle
to stand in a row (e.g. shops on a street); to line in a row; to line; to be equal to; to be on a par with
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to talk; to carry meaning
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
left and right; right and left; (asserting) control; influence; one's attendants; people accompanying one
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell