once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to perceive; to understand
workshop; studio; atelier
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
all night long; all through the night
to light (a candle, lamp, etc.); to turn on (a light)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
rumour; rumor; hearsay; report
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
real condition; actual circumstances; actual state of affairs
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
right; correct; proper; righteous; just
one night; one evening; all night; overnight
medium flame (cooking); medium heat; medium fire
degree; extent; (health) condition; state of health; adjustment; moderation; addition and subtraction
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
agitation; stirring; whipping; beating
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do