order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
loss; defeat; counter for losses
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to crack; to develop a crack
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
knee; lap; knee and thigh (while sitting)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
to sit down (and refuse to move); to sit-in (in protest)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
just then; at that time; right then; appropriate moment
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be muddy; to be slushy
narrow; confined; small; limited; narrow-minded; confining
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to a surprising degree; to a remarkable extent; surprisingly; astonishingly; amazingly; alarmingly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come and go; to go back and forth
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to shout; to cry; to scream; to clamour
to strain one's eyes; to look closely; to stare at
distribution (e.g. films, rice); rationing (e.g. food, gasoline); food ration
goods; materials; commodities; resources; supplies
to diffuse; to spread throughout; to prevail; to become widespread; to reach everyone
to dig up; to turn up; to tear up; to rake up (e.g. old scandal); to dig over
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
to gnaw; to nibble; to bite; to dabble in; to have a smattering of
to endure; to keep out (e.g. rain); to pull through; to get over; to surpass; to outdo
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to push (a thing) out; to jut out (can have a negative nuance); to protrude; to rise out the trap door (on stage)
strangeness; abnormality; disorder