indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shield; buckler; escutcheon; pretext
declining; refusal; rejection; announcement; notice
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
action of making something; -ification
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive; to come to pass
way; method; means; (technical) specification
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
circumstances; condition; to arrange; to manage; to lend money; to raise money
by means of; due to; because of; according to
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
abbreviated form of a Chinese character; simplified character; acronym; abbreviation
body; physique; shape; form; substance; identity; field
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ruby; ruby character; small hiragana or katakana readings of kanji usually above or to the side of the kanji (esp. used by printers and in ref. to printed material)
symbol; code; sign; notation
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ; to vary; to disagree
expression in writing; written representation; notation; writing on the surface (e.g. an address on an envelope); inscribing on the face
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
discriminatory; discriminative
expression; presentation; representation; notation
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
quite capable of ...; could happen; not unlikely to
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
at that time; in those days
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
consideration; taking into account
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
posting (e.g. a notice); displaying; putting up
place; point; part; counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
beforehand; in advance; previously