indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to shoot (a gun, person, etc.); to fire
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
heart; guts; nerve; heart (of something); central part
palpitation (of the heart); pounding; throbbing; thumping
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to mix (with); to be mixed (together); to be mingled
neck; head; dismissal (from a job); firing
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
fatigue; weariness; exhaustion; fatigue (of metal, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
staying behind; remaining; residual
breath; breathing; concord; harmony; steam (coming off hot food, tea, etc.); (water) vapor
gradually; by degrees; little by little; bit by bit
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
rough; wild; violent; immoderate; extravagant; reckless
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to catch one's attention; to catch one's ear; to be annoying to one's ear
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
unreliable; undependable; helpless; forlorn; worried; uneasy
faintly; dimly; slightly; barely
light; bright; bright (colour); cheerful; bright; bright (future, prospects, etc.); rosy
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to