indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to wake up; to awake; to perk up; to awaken (to the truth, etc.); to come to a realization; to come to one's senses
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to replace; to substitute; to shift; to change places
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
as (e.g. "do as one is told", "as we age we gain wisdom"); wherever (e.g. "wherever my fancy took me")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
door (esp. Japanese-style); shutter; window shutter; (arch.) entrance (to a home); (arch.) narrows
crevice; crack; spare moment; interval; chink (in one's armor, armour); unpreparedness
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cool; refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes); bright; clear; distinct
to go past (a place or thing); to go beyond
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to feel; to sense; to experience
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
cold wind; chilly breeze; (blast of) cold air
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go into; to come into; to penetrate; to become complicated
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
half asleep and half awake; trance; dream and reality
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
to draw in; to take in; to retract; to withdraw; to take back (e.g. words)
duvet; bed cover; coverlet; quilt; comforter; eiderdown
to slip into; to crawl into (under); to conceal oneself (under); to sneak into; to infiltrate
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
to raise one's face; to lift one's head; to raise one's eyes
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
he; she; that person; (arch.) you