on rare occasions; once in a blue moon
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
denial; negation; negation (logic); NOT operation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
imperfect; incomplete; faulty; defective
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such; like that; that sort of; very
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
to manufacture; to produce; to raise (crops); to invent; to dream up; to create
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing