indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to dance (orig. a whirling dance); to flutter about; to revolve
cloud of dust (sand, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to interrupt; to obstruct (a view, someone's way, etc.); to block (light, wind, etc.); to intercept; to cut off
field of vision; visibility; view; visual field; (one's) ken
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
invasion; raid; attack; visitation (of a calamity)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
rattling; clattering; trembling; shivering; whining; grumbling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to rock; to shake; to swing
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
severe; harsh; hard; cruel; rigorous
environment; circumstance
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
natural; right; proper; naturally; as a matter of course; rightly
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
up through; up until; down to; from ... to ... (e.g. from head to toe); everything from ... to ...
particle; atom; little piece; not at all; not the slightest
crevice; crack; spare moment; interval; chink (in one's armor, armour); unpreparedness
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as