indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
level ground; plain; flatland
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
shudder; shiver; trembling with fear
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Yanagita Kunio (1875.7.31-1962.8.8)
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
preface; foreword; introduction
than; from; out of; except; but; more
departure (of a train, car, etc.); starting; leaving
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lack of physical exercise; insufficient exercise; inactivity
to curse; to cast a spell; to haunt; to cause a bad result; to bring about a negative outcome
since some time ago; for some time; for quite a while
side (of the torso); flank; illegitimate child; child born by someone other than one's wife
chafing; grinding (e.g. teeth); binding tightly; pulling tight (e.g. a bow); rotating quickly; hurting sharply
to hurt; to ache; to feel a pain; to be injured; to be spoiled (e.g. food); to be damaged
to slip through; to make one's way through quickly
while; during; while; although; all; both
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
ten; 10; ten years of age
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
platform; home; home base; home plate
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
stairs; stairway; staircase
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
reaching; attaining; arrival
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner