indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk about; to speak of; to recite; to chant; to indicate; to show
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
level ground; plain; flatland
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
shudder; shiver; trembling with fear
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Yanagita Kunio (1875.7.31-1962.8.8)
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
preface; foreword; introduction
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
increasingly; more and more; decreasingly (when declining); less and less
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
exactly; precisely; just; as if; as though; quite
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
by the way; incidentally; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
inside a car (train, bus, etc.)
for a moment; for a minute; for a while; for some time; for the time being; for now
to suspend operations (esp. of trains); to stop driving
principle; aim; purport; gist; instructions; orders
announcement (esp. over public-address system); official announcement; formal information release
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
condensation; formation of dew
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get cloudy; to cloud over; to cloud up; to fog up; to be gloomy; to be clouded (expression)
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to wipe; to mop up; to get rid of (an impression, feeling, blemish, etc.); to dispel (e.g. shame); to erase
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to peek (through a keyhole, gap, etc.); to look down into (a ravine, etc.); to peek into (a shop, bookstore, etc.); to sneak a look at; to take a quick look at; to peep (through a telescope, microscope, etc.); to stick out (a scarf from a collar, etc.)
large drop (rain, sweat, tears, etc.); large grain-like object (grape, cherry, etc.)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
overhead; above one's head; high in the sky
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)