indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ancient city; former capital
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
scale; scope; plan; structure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to boast of; to be proud of; to take pride in
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to visit; to call on; to arrive (season, time, situation, etc.); to come; (arch.) to make a sound; (arch.) to send a letter
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be crowded with people; to be bustling with; to prosper; to flourish; to do thriving business
north and south; north to south; South Korea and North Korea
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to stretch; to extend; to straighten out; to be flattened; to spread (of paint, cream, etc.); to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
passage; pathway; roadway; avenue; aisle
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
many; much; plenty; hardly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
length and width; length and breadth; four cardinal points; every direction; as one wishes; as one pleases
eaves; narrow aisle surrounding the core of a temple building
to line up; to put in a row; to add (to a group); to accept (as a member of an organization, etc.); to link; to put together
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
3000; three thousand; many
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
to set up (a house, store, etc.); to build; to have at the ready (e.g. a gun); to hold in preparation (e.g. a camera); to adopt a posture; to assume a stance; to put on an air
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
furnished with; including; attached to; impression; appearance; luck; sociality
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
after that; afterwards; thereafter