previous work; preceding work; first crop grown in a double-cropped field; preceding crop
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
errand; mission; messenger; bearer; familiar spirit
story; tale; talk; discussion
itinerant Buddhist monk; practitioner of Shugendō
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
authorization; authorisation; acknowledgment; acknowledgement; certification; recognition
Kii (former province located in present-day Wakayama and southern Mie prefectures)
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
warehouse; storehouse; cellar; magazine; granary; godown
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(not) even once; (not) ever
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
(something) has never occurred; to have never done (something); such a thing has not happened; never happens; there is never a time when
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
continuing one's education into high school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
myself; yourself; I; me; you
growth; development; one's early life; upbringing; personal history
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted