indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
legendary beast; magical beast
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
soldier; combatant; warrior
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
reckless; thoughtless; rash; ill-advised; impulsive; mad (e.g. scheme)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
shadow; silhouette; reflection; image; ominous sign; light (stars, moon)
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
facial expression; countenance; look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
tribe; clan; (taxonomical) tribe; group (of the periodic table)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university