indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
halving; dividing (into two parts); bisection; the two equinoxes (vernal and autumnal)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
Soviet Union; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; USSR
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
town; city; municipal; urban
collapse; crumbling; breaking down; (radioactive) decay; disintegration
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
split; division; break up
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
extinction; extinguishment; disappearance; annihilation
though; although; be that as it may; nonetheless
main constituent; core; nucleus; subject (philosophical); protagonist
countries all over the world; all the countries of the world
great (quantity, amount, etc.); huge; enormous; serious
influence; clout; leverage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
change; alteration; difference; distinction; something wrong; abnormality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
next (to); adjoining; adjacent; house next door; neighbouring house; next-door neighbour
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
in the same way as; just like