dozens; scores of; decades
February; second month of the lunar calendar
twenty-eighth day of the month; twenty-eight days
home country; one's own country; suzerain country (from the perspective of the vassal state); colonizing country; country of one's ancestors; this country
study; scholarship; learning; discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
difference; distinction; discrepancy; mistake; error
up through; up until; down to; from ... to ... (e.g. from head to toe); everything from ... to ...
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
quotient; dealing; dealer; second degree (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); Shang dynasty (China, approx. 1600-1046 BCE); Yin dynasty
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
country; territory; domain; realm
division by 1000; one-thousandth
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
riches; wealth; resources; lottery
suburb; residential area on the outskirt of a city; commuter belt
people from overseas, especially from China and Korea, who settled in early Japan and introduced continental culture to the Japanese
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
(way of) life; living; livelihood; life circumstances
to run (a business); to operate; to carry out; to perform; to hold (a Buddhist or Shinto ceremony)
to draw a line (between); to make a distinction (between); to distinguish (between)
townscape; street (of stores and houses); (look of) stores and houses on street
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
mausoleum; shrine; the (imperial) court
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
everywhere; all over; throughout
to deify; to enshrine; to pray; to worship
engawa; external corridor on the outer side of traditional Japanese houses; bone at the base of a fin; meat at the base of a fin (esp. of a flatfish)
to amuse oneself; to make merry
detached territory; enclave; exclave; scattered landholdings
noisy; boisterous; turbulent (era, etc.); troubled