indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
chapter one; first chapter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
March; third month of the lunar calendar
twenty-third day of the month; twenty-three days
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
graduation ceremony; commencement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
kitchen; financial situation
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
double; double bed; hotel room with a double bed; double-breasted; double-cuffed; double width (of cloth; usu. 1.42 meters); doubles (e.g. in tennis)
older sister; lass; young lady
latter period; second half; late stage; third trimester; second semester
schedule; program; programme; agenda
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known