indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in the following manner; as follows
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to tag along; to follow; to tail; to leave tracks; to leave footprints
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to replace; to move; to change the position of
passion; enthusiasm; zeal
will; volition; intention; intent; determination
exchange; interchange; switching; reciprocity; barter; substitution
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
position; situation; viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to put oneself in (situation, environment, etc.); to surround oneself with
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
piece; fragment; one (object)
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
(within) the (Tokyo) metropolitan area
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be enrolled (in a college, course of study, etc.); to be a member (of an organization)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)