indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
(I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); (I) fancy (that)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
since some time or another; since who-knows-when
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
forever; for good; eternally; as long as one likes; indefinitely; no matter what
turning round; going around; turning about; surrounding; encircling
surroundings; environs; circumference
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
of course; certainly; naturally
individuality; personality; quirk; idiosyncrasy; character; individual characteristic
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
orderly; regular; systematic; well-organized; well-organised; trim
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
suddenly; casually; accidentally; incidentally; unexpectedly; unintentionally
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until now; so far; up to the present
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then