book; volume; this; present; main; head
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inspection; reading; perusal; browsing (the web)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
recommendation; endorsement
writing horizontally; horizontal writing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
to be in danger of; to be liable to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
use; utilization; utilisation; application
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
viewer (e.g. for film slides or x-rays); (image) viewer
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to differ; to vary; to disagree
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
café; cafe; coffeehouse; hostess bar (serving western alcoholic beverages; Taisho and Showa period)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to be at wits' end; to be greatly perplexed; to be troubled
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to shout; to cry; to scream; to clamor (for or against); to clamour (for or against)
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
whole life; a lifetime; all through life; (the only, the greatest, etc.) of one's life
to be solved; to be resolved; to loosen; to come untied; to be removed (of restrictions); to be lifted (e.g. a ban)
adds force or indicates command
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber