frame; framework; border; box; limit; restriction; category
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
planning; project; plan; design
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
changing clothes; change of clothes
socks; sock; stockings; stocking
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
time around sunset; early evening
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
chest of drawers; bureau; cabinet; tansu; dresser
staring-out (down) game; game in which two children looking at each other try to make the opponents laugh first; constant looking at something (e.g. the computer screen, the clock, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
excursion; field trip; school trip
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; thereupon; because of that
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
while; during; while; although; all; both
luggage; baggage; burden; payload (of a packet, cell, etc.)
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to