book; volume; this; present; main; head
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inspection; reading; perusal; browsing (the web)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
recommendation; endorsement
writing horizontally; horizontal writing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
to be in danger of; to be liable to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
use; utilization; utilisation; application
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
viewer (e.g. for film slides or x-rays); (image) viewer
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to differ; to vary; to disagree
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to stick; to get stuck; to be unavailable; to be busy; to be piled up (e.g. of work); to halt (in one's speech)
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question