once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to extol; to sing the praises of; to celebrate; to declare; to stipulate; to express
ancient city; former capital
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
anywhere; for all time; through thick and thin; come hell or high water; persistently; stubbornly
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to explain; to preach; to advocate; to persuade; to prevail upon; to reason with
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
consent; agreement; acceptance; understanding; satisfaction (e.g. with an explanation); being convinced
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (someone's) side
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to visit; to call on; to pay a visit to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
real intention; true motive; true meaning
to inquire (about); to enquire; to ask; to interrogate; to question intensely; to grill (someone about something)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
trouble; troubles; worry; distress; sorrows; anguish
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
contradiction; inconsistency
to fill; to become full (of); to wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide); to flow; to expire (of a period of time)
chaos; confusion; disorder; chaotic; confused; uncertain
nothing but; except; no more than
to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)
much less; to say nothing of
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
impossible; unthinkable; unbelievable; ridiculous
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally