indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grassy field; grassland; meadow; grass-covered plain; savannah; prairie
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to pass (of time); to elapse
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to go out to meet; to receive; to welcome; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to call for; to summon
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to plunder; to grab; to snatch
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
character (in a play or novel); dramatis personae
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
same as on the left; (in vertical writing) same as below
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side