indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
sick; ill; ailing; (arch.) to hurt; (arch.) to ache
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
poor; needy; lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty
to be rich in; to abound in; to be abundant in; to be rich; to be wealthy
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
respect; esteem; reverence; honour; honor
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to love; to be attached to; to cherish; to caress
to raise; to bring up; to rear; to cultivate; to foster; to nurture
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to swear; to vow; to take an oath; to pledge
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
boy; son; baby boy; young man
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
together; jointly; at the same time; with; both
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
chastity; fidelity; faithfulness; virtue
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make