indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
fire built in an iron basket (watch fire, fishing fire, etc.); bonfire; campfire; (arch.) brothel-keeper (Edo period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to burn; to kindle; to heat (a bath); to light (a stove); to use (a camera flash)
branch; bough; limb; twig; sprig; spray
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to decorate; to ornament; to display; to exhibit; to mark (e.g. the day with a victory); to adorn (e.g. the front page)
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
to hum (a tune); to sing to oneself; to croon
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
public square; square; plaza; open space; clearing
surroundings; environs; circumference
to trace (drawing); to follow; to imitate; to copy; to reproduce
form; shape; figure; visage
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to light (a candle, lamp, etc.); to turn on (a light)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")