dark; gloomy; depressed; dispirited; dark (in colour); dull; ill-boding
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
how long; how far; how much
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; period; class
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
sense; sensation; feeling; intuition
even; if only; if just; as long as; the only thing needed
to happen to have on hand or in stock
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
border; boundary; turning point; watershed; area; region
myself; yourself; I; me; you
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
this world; this life; world of the living
sometimes; occasionally; now and then; from time to time
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
matter; thing; affair; circumstance
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first